17.2 名词性that-从句
        
        1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
        　 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他还活着全靠运气。
        　 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
        　 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
        　 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
        　近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
        　 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
        　你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
        
        2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
        It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
        It’s a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。
        
        用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
        　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
        　It is necessary that…　 有必要……
        　It is important that…　 重要的是……
        　It is obvious that… 很明显……
        
        　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
        　It is believed that…　人们相信……
        　It is known to all that…　从所周知……
        　It has been decided that… 已决定……
        
        　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
        　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
        　It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
        　It is a fact that… 事实是……
        
        　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
        　It appears that…似乎……
        　It happens that…碰巧……
        　It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
        
        17.3 名词性wh-从句
        
        1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
        
        主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。
        
        直接宾语：In one’s own home one can do what one likes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。
        
        间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　
        俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
        
        表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
        
        宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
        
        同位语：I have no idea when he will return.　
        我不知道他什么时候回来。
        
        形容词宾语：I’m not sure why she refused their invitation.　 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
        
        介词宾语：　That depends on where we shall go.　
        那取决于我们去哪儿。
        
        2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
        　It is not yet decided who will do that job.　
        　还没决定谁做这项工作。
        　It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　 他们何时结婚依然不明。